Drying high aspect ratio features

ABSTRACT

Methods of drying a semiconductor substrate may include applying a drying agent to a semiconductor substrate, where the drying agent wets the semiconductor substrate. The methods may include heating a chamber housing the semiconductor substrate to a temperature above an atmospheric pressure boiling point of the drying agent until a vapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent within the chamber has been reached. The methods may further include venting the chamber, where the venting vaporizes the liquid phase of the drying agent from the semiconductor substrate.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/424,264, filed Nov. 18, 2016, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for allpurposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology relates to drying materials having high aspectratio features. More specifically, the present technology relates tocleaning and drying materials having high aspect ratio features toreduce pattern collapse or deformation of delicate features.

BACKGROUND

Integrated circuits are made possible by processes which produceintricately patterned material layers on substrate surfaces. Producingpatterned material on a substrate requires controlled methods forapplying and removing material. For removal, chemical or physicaletching may be performed for a variety of purposes includingtransferring a pattern in photoresist into underlying layers, thinninglayers, or thinning lateral dimensions of features already present onthe surface. Once a material has been etched or otherwise processed, thesubstrate or material layers are cleaned or prepared for furtheroperations.

Cleaning processes may use many different agents for differentprocesses. These processes can involve stripping materials, cleaningprocessed layers or patterns, removing particulates, or preparingsubstrates for a subsequent process. As device features continue toshrink in the nanometer range, pattern collapse due to properties of thecleaning fluids may become an issue. For example, water used as acleaning agent may cause issues due to its high surface tension, whichcan cause substrate features to stress or deform. The smaller the devicefeature, the greater the impact water and other fluids may exhibit onthe structure.

Thus, there is a need for improved systems and methods that can be usedto produce high quality devices and structures. These and other needsare addressed by the present technology.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods of drying a semiconductor substrate may includeapplying a drying agent to a semiconductor substrate, where the dryingagent wets the semiconductor substrate. The methods may include heatinga chamber housing the semiconductor substrate to a temperature above anatmospheric pressure boiling point of the drying agent untilvapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent has been reached within thechamber. The methods may further include venting the chamber, where theventing vaporizes the liquid phase of the drying agent from thesemiconductor substrate.

The methods of drying a semiconductor substrate may also includepressure-sealing the semiconductor substrate within the chamber, andthen forming a vapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent within thechamber. The methods may also include continuing to heat the chamberhousing the semiconductor substrate to a temperature of at least about100° C. after vapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent has beenreached. In embodiments the drying agent may be miscible with water, andmay, for example, be or include isopropyl alcohol. The semiconductorsubstrate may define patterned features having an aspect ratio greaterthan 5, and the drying agent may wet the patterned features completely.

Applying the drying agent may fully displace water from thesemiconductor substrate. Additionally, applying the drying agent mayinclude one or more operations fully displacing any fluid except for thedrying agent from the semiconductor substrate. The heating operation mayinclude hermetically closing the chamber with the rinsed semiconductorsubstrate housed within the chamber. The heating operation may alsoinclude heating the chamber to develop equilibrium between liquid andvapor phases of the drying agent. The heating operation may stillfurther include heating the chamber to the temperature above theatmospheric pressure boiling point of the drying agent. The method mayalso include optionally purging the chamber with an inert precursorsubsequent the venting.

The present technology may also include additional methods of drying asemiconductor substrate including applying a drying agent to thesemiconductor substrate. The drying agent may wet the semiconductorsubstrate or may cover the substrate features in embodiments. Themethods may include heating a chamber in which the semiconductorsubstrate is housed to develop equilibrium between liquid and vaporphases of the drying agent. The heating may maintain at least a portionof the drying agent in a liquid form, and may maintain sufficient liquidto cover features defined within the substrate. The methods may alsoinclude exposing the chamber to vacuum conditions where the vacuumconditions evaporate and purge the drying agent from the chamber.

The heating operation of the drying methods may be performed to atemperature below about 150° C. The methods may further include,subsequent exposing the chamber to vacuum, venting the chamber toatmospheric conditions. In some embodiments the methods may also includepurging the chamber with air or an inert gas. The drying agent used inthe method may include isopropyl alcohol or acetone. Additionally,exposing the chamber to vacuum conditions may include reducing thepressure within the chamber from atmospheric conditions to a pressure ofless than about 100 Torr. Reducing the pressure within the chamber mayoccur in a time period of less than about 5 minutes.

The present technology may also include additional methods of drying asubstrate. The methods may include applying a drying agent to thesubstrate, where the drying agent wets the substrate. The methods mayinclude hermetically sealing a chamber housing the substrate, and mayinclude forming a vapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent withinthe chamber. The methods may further include increasing the temperaturewithin the chamber to reduce the drying agent surface tension for aliquid fraction of the drying agent below a predetermined threshold. Themethods may also include depressurizing the chamber, wherein thedepressurizing substantially removes liquid drying agent from thesubstrate. In embodiments, the predetermined threshold may include adrying agent surface tension of about 20 mN/m. The substrate may includeor define a plurality of patterned features characterized by an aspectratio greater than 5. Applying the drying agent may include coating thesubstrate with the drying agent above a height of the patternedfeatures, and in embodiments the drying agent may be characterized by asurface tension of less than about 25 mN/m at about 21° C. During thedepressurizing operation, the drying agent may be substantiallyde-wetted from the surface of the substrate. A contact angle of thedrying agent during the depressurizing operation may be maintainedgreater than or about 70°. In some embodiments, a chamber pressureduring the depressurizing operation may be maintained above atmosphericpressure.

Such technology may provide numerous benefits over conventionaltechnology. For example, the present devices may reduce patterndeformation across an entire surface of the substrate due to a moreuniform removal process. Additionally, the improved methodology mayreduce queue times by limiting a number of internal processing stepsutilized by other conventional cleaning technologies. These and otherembodiments, along with many of their advantages and features, aredescribed in more detail in conjunction with the below description andattached figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the disclosedembodiments may be realized by reference to the remaining portions ofthe specification and the drawings.

FIG. 1A shows a representation of the effects of a fluid within a trenchaccording to embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 1B shows a representation of the effects of fluid within a trenchas the trench walls begin to deform according to embodiments of thepresent technology.

FIG. 2 shows a method of drying a semiconductor substrate according toembodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 3 shows a chart illustrating different fluid surface tensionproperties according to embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 4 shows a chart illustrating the effect of temperature on surfacetension of isopropyl alcohol according to embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 5 shows a temperature-pressure chart illustrating the pressuredifferential across a meniscus for isopropyl alcohol and water, alongwith their saturation pressures according to embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 6 shows a method of drying a semiconductor substrate according toembodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 7 shows a chart illustrating different fluid surface tensionproperties at different temperatures for a given contact angle accordingto embodiments of the present technology

In the figures, similar components and/or features may have the samenumerical reference label. Further, various components of the same typemay be distinguished by following the reference label by a letter thatdistinguishes among the similar components and/or features. If only thefirst numerical reference label is used in the specification, thedescription is applicable to any one of the similar components and/orfeatures having the same first numerical reference label irrespective ofthe letter suffix.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

During many different stages of semiconductor processing, work surfacesand materials are cleaned. The cleaning processes may involve wetetches, rinses, and drying processes to remove unwanted residues andfluids from a substrate. Cleaning processes may happen in incrementaloperations beginning with one fluid and rinsing with one or more otherfluids until the device is clean and dry. Water is used in many cleaningprocesses due to its solvent capabilities for a host of materials.Often, the water is then removed with a combination of processes thatmay include heat and other fluids.

Device patterning and features that continue to shrink in dimension mayinclude delicate features etched or formed on a substrate. For example,many processing operations may work upon or form trenches in a substrateor materials on a substrate. The aspect ratio, defined as the height towidth ratio, may be very high in devices, and can be on the order of 5,10, 20, 50, 100 or greater. Many of these features may have not onlyhigh aspect ratios, but also reduced dimensions on the scale of a fewnanometers, for example. For example, the width of any particular columnor wall between two trenches may be of only a few nanometers. Thethinner is this material, the more impact stresses may pose on theintegrity of the structure. Additionally, the material composing thestructure may also impact the effect of exerted pressures or stresses onthe material, be it a substrate material, dielectric, photo-resist, etc.

Issues may arise when delicate, high-aspect-ratio features are cleaned,because the cleaning fluids may exhibit surface tensions that may bemuch higher than can be managed by the features. In designs havingmultiple features, layers, or materials, even a small amount of featuredeformation or collapse can cause short circuits through the produceddevice rendering it inoperable. For example, water is very useful as asolvent, but it naturally exhibits a surface tension that can readilydamage features on a substrate. Many conventional technologies mayattempt to control this issue by performing rinses with materials havinga lower surface tension than water, or by performing complicatedprocesses of removal. One promising technology for fluid removal incleaning operations is by performing drying operations withsuper-critical fluids. Although these techniques may provide surfacesthat are drier and less prone to pattern collapse, the amount ofpreparation and the number of operations involved may reduce theefficiency of overall substrate processing.

An exemplary process may aid in the understanding of the issues relatingto pattern collapse, and is described here: In a general process, asubstrate may be exposed to one or more cleaning agents including acids,bases, or other reactive fluids or precursors. At least one rinsingoperation may also be performed that may include water in an embodimentof the technology. The water may be used in a bath, a spray, or in someother rinsing operation that may utilize the water to remove anothercleaning agent, and which may cause water to be incorporated withinfeatures, including high-aspect-ratio features. Because water readilydissolves a great variety of substances, it may be used in any number ofcleaning processes in order to remove additional chemicals used on asubstrate.

In order to remove the water from the substrate, any number ofoperations may be performed, from evaporating the water to performing arinse. For substrates having features with a high aspect ratio, smallpillars, or other delicate features, evaporating the water may cause anumber of problems. These features may be capable of withstandingLaplace pressures of up to a few tenths of an MPa or less. Water,however, is characterized by a surface tension at room temperature, orabout 21° C. to 25° C., of roughly 73 mN/m, or a Laplace pressure ofseveral MPa, which can be over an order of magnitude higher than thecapabilities of the substrate features. Additionally, the water mayprovide additional issues as it is removed from features such astrenches.

A semiconductor substrate may have a series of trenches formed that may,as part of a cleaning process, be cleaned with water or other fluids. Asthe water or other fluid is removed from the substrate and trenches, ameniscus may form within each trench as illustrated in FIG. 1. Themeniscus may be characterized by a Laplace pressure within the fluid,and is related to the surface tension of the fluid, the contact angle θ,and the width of the trench d. Put another way, a pressure drop may formacross the meniscus applying tension to the walls that increases alongthe meniscus. There may also be a surface tension force of the fluidalong the contact with the trench walls as well as the air above themeniscus. These pressures may be several MPa and cannot be managed bythe restoring force or internal restrictive stresses within the trenchwalls. Accordingly, the walls may begin to deform inwardly in responseto the forces acting upon them, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. However, asthe pattern deforms and the geometry adjusts, the Laplace pressures mayactually increase, further compounding the issues and leading to patterncollapse.

Theoretically, if structured trenches all maintain an equal amount offluid within the trench to be removed, the pressures will remainconstant on both sides of the features and balance the forces. However,as fluids begin to evaporate, even minor differences between thetrenches can affect how much fluid is removed from an individual trench.Even a small difference in fill level between adjacent trenches canbegin the runaway process described above as the forces becomeimbalanced.

Conventional wisdom may lead to seeking fluids that have lower surfacetensions alone, and then performing similar rinsing and dryingoperations to displace water and dry the substrate. The presenttechnology, however, performs a combination drying technique thatfollows the boiling point curve of a drying agent at a vapor-liquidequilibrium to more uniformly evaporate or remove the drying agent. Byutilizing the surface tension properties of the drying agent along withits evaporation characteristics, improved drying agent removal may beachieved. Thus, the inventors have determined that by combiningrelatively lower surface tension fluids with a temperature-based removalprocess, surface tension effects can be reduced and more readilymanaged. Consequently, and advantageously, many more fluids thanpreviously believed may be utilized in the rinsing and drying processesdespite exhibiting higher surface tensions.

Although the remaining portions of the specification will routinelyreference semiconductor processing, the present techniques should not beconsidered limited to semiconductors. For example, many microfluidictechnologies may benefit from the processes and operations describedbelow. Microfluidics relates to the manipulation of fluids in the rangeof microliters or smaller within channels that may have dimensions inthe nanometer range. Due to the nature of materials at such dimensions,channel deformation may similarly pose issues that may be improved orresolved by the present technology. Accordingly, the present technologyshould not be considered so limited to the processing and manufacturingof semiconductors, as it may equally apply to a host of technologiesthat may involve pattern deformation or collapse issues.

Turning to FIG. 2 is shown a method 200 of drying a semiconductorsubstrate according to embodiments of the present technology. The methodmay involve applying a drying agent to a semiconductor substrate atoperation 210. Although the operations of the method may begin atoperation 210, it is to be understood that one or more optionaloperations may be performed prior to the application operation. Forexample, any number of patterning and cleaning operations may beperformed leading to a rinsing operation. The cleaning operations mayutilize one or more acids, bases, inert fluids, or other precursors forcleaning and removal. Exemplary substances that may be used in cleaningoperations may include one or more of solutions of hydrofluoric acid,solutions of hydrochloric acid, solutions of hydrogen peroxide,solutions of ammonium hydroxide, solutions of sulfuric acid, as well asother acid and basic materials. Combinations of agents may also be usedin embodiments such as, for example, APM, which is a mixture of ammoniumhydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and water, and which can be useful inremoving particulates from substrate surfaces.

After cleaning agents have been applied, a water rinse may be performedto remove these reactive species and further clean the substrate. Thiswater may then be removed with a drying agent in operation 210. Theapplication of the drying agent may be used to remove some,substantially all, or all water from the substrate, including withintrenches and other features that have been formed. The application maybe performed with a bath in which the substrate is submerged andoptionally agitated. The drying agent may also be sprayed, applied in adip, or otherwise coated or applied onto the substrate. Any number ofmechanisms may be utilized that may use a drying agent to displace wateror other fluids from the substrate. In embodiments the drying agent maywet the semiconductor substrate, and may at least partially filltrenches formed within the substrate, or may completely fill trenchesformed within the substrate to fully displace any fluid except for thedrying agent from the semiconductor substrate. The amount of dryingagent used may be variable based on factors including the size of thesubstrate, and amount of free space within the chamber. For example, a300 mm substrate will generally not require as much drying agent tofully wet the substrate as a 450 mm substrate. Similarly, the lesspatterned a substrate, and the less surface area exposed, may also useless drying agent to fully wet the substrate in comparison to asubstrate including complicated feature patterns.

As will be explained further below, the amount of drying agentassociated with the substrate in the chamber may be to ensure that thesubstrate maintains at least a minimum volume of liquid drying agent,and does not completely evaporate. For example, if the drying agent,which may include volatiles, begins to evaporate at atmosphericconditions before being placed within a chamber, dry spots may emergewithin trenches or along parts of the substrate. These dry spots mayallow regions still wetted to have unbalanced forces acted upon theirwalls, which may cause deformation and pattern collapse. Accordingly,the amount of drying agent associated with the substrate when enteredinto a chamber may be sufficient to maintain the substrate fully orcompletely wetted. However, too much drying agent may also be an issue,such as if the substrate is within a bath of drying agent, or is fullysubmerged in drying agent when placed within a chamber. When a pressureadjustment, such as venting, is performed within a chamber housing thesubstrate, too much liquid within the system may cause the liquid to notbe completely evaporated or withdrawn from the system before a return toatmospheric conditions. Remaining liquid drying agent within anyfeatures or trenches on the substrate may produce feature deformation orpattern collapse. Thus, a fully wetted substrate having a minimum ofexcess liquid agent covering exposed surfaces of the substrate mayprovide protection against the development of dry spots, whilemaintaining a minimum volume of drying agent to ensure proper removal.

The drying agent application operation 210 may be performed within asubstrate chamber, or alternatively may be performed prior to providingthe substrate into the chamber. Applying the drying agent to thesubstrate outside of the chamber may facilitate complete removal ofwater or other fluids, although care may be taken to ensure thesubstrate remains wetted as it is transferred into the chamber. Applyingthe drying agent to the substrate within the chamber may facilitateensuring that at least a portion of liquid drying agent is associatedwith the substrate, although chamber configuration may be adjusted toensure that water or other fluids are removed from the chamber prior tosealing. This may occur by thoroughly applying the drying agent to thesubstrate as well as all surfaces along an interior of the chamber. Therinsing and drying agent application operations may occur at atmosphericconditions, or at conditions based on the characteristics of the dryingagent. For example, a drying agent that is a vapor at atmosphericconditions may be applied under vacuum, or at reduced temperatures toensure at least a portion of the drying agent is liquid and completelywets the substrate.

Once the substrate is housed within a chamber, the chamber may be closedand heat may be applied to the chamber, or to a platform on which thesubstrate is seated in operation 220. The chamber may be hermeticallysealed or pressure sealed in embodiments to ensure a pressure-tightvessel, and a variety of chamber configurations may be adequate for theprocess 200, and which may provide a pressure-tight vessel. The chambermay be of a sufficient thermal mass to provide heat retention within thevessel during the heating operation. Such a vessel may provide moreconsistent outcomes between wafers, for example, if it has more definedor controlled heat profiles during heating operations. The chamber mayalso be of a volume based on the wafer size being processed, e.g. a 300mm, 450 mm, or 600 mm wafer. The amount of drying agent used may also bedetermined based on an amount of free space within the chamber. Anamount of drying agent may be utilized that will allow a vapor-liquidequilibrium to develop within the chamber, without fully vaporizing thedrying agent.

The heating operation 220 may be performed to cause vaporization of thedrying agent to occur, and to form or develop a vapor-liquid equilibriumof the drying agent within the closed vessel at atmospheric pressure orslightly above atmospheric pressure. Put another way, the heating mayinitially cause an amount of evaporation of the drying agent on thesubstrate. This may be performed up to or beyond a temperature andpressure at which the vapor and liquid phases of the drying agent reachequilibrium of vapor partial pressure and liquid saturation pressure.Heat may then continue to be applied to raise the temperature above theatmospheric boiling point of the drying agent, while maintaining theequilibrium reached as the temperature and pressure continue to risewithin the chamber. The heat applied may be based on the boiling pointof the drying agent, for example, or may be at a low level temperatureto develop a fraction of vapor. For example, the temperature within thevessel may be raised to about 25° C., about 30° C., about 35° C., about40° C., about 45° C., about 50° C., about 60° C., about 70° C., about80° C., about 90° C., or about 100° C. in embodiments. Once vapor-liquidequilibrium has been achieved, heat may continue to be applied duringoperation 220 to a temperature above the atmospheric pressure boilingpoint of the drying agent. For example, the temperature may be raised toabove or about 100° C., above or about 110° C., above or about 120° C.,above or about 130° C., above or about 140° C., above or about 150° C.,above or about 160° C., above or about 170° C., above or about 180° C.,above or about 190° C., above or about 200° C., or higher inembodiments, and depending on the characteristics of the drying agent.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent may be maintained duringthis heating as the pressure rises within the chamber along with thetemperature. The temperature at which the chamber may be heated duringoperation 220 may be predetermined based on characteristics of thedrying agent. Temperature is directly related, and inverselyproportional, to the surface tension of most materials. Accordingly, asthe temperature of a fluid increases, the surface tension decreases. Bydecreasing the surface tension of the drying agent within the chamber,the drying agent forces acting upon the substrate features may bereduced. Because the drying agent is maintained at vapor-liquidequilibrium during the heating process, the drying agent may not boilunnecessarily within the features of the substrate.

At a designated or predetermined temperature, the chamber may be ventedor depressurized at operation 230. As the chamber is returned toatmospheric pressures, the fluid may vaporize within the chamber. Basedon the temperature and pressure within the vessel, the vaporization maybe rapid or substantially instantaneous upon venting. The venting may beperformed in a step-wise manner, or may be reduced to atmosphericconditions more quickly. For example, a pressure-relief valve may beopened, which may begin the boiling process. The release may be slow tocause a gradual vaporization and release of the drying agent, or may bequick to obtain a more instantaneous conversion of liquid to vapor. Forexample, the venting may occur or be performed over a period of timethat may be less than or about 30 minutes in embodiments. The amount oftime may also be less than or about 25 minutes, less than or about 20minutes, less than or about 15 minutes, less than or about 10 minutes,less than or about 5 minutes, less than or about 1 minutes, less than orabout 30 seconds, less than or about 15 seconds, less than or about 10seconds, or less in embodiments. By utilizing a high-temperature,high-pressure conversion, the present technology may produce a moreuniform vapor conversion of drying agent across the surface, and withinthe features, of the substrate. In this way, surface tension effects onthe substrate features may be controlled during the drying operation inwhich the drying agent is removed from the surface of the substrate.Optionally, the chamber may be purged with air, or an inert fluidincluding nitrogen, argon, or helium, for example, to ensure thesubstrate is fully dry and drying agent condensate does not reform onthe substrate.

Exemplary substrates may encompass materials used in semiconductorprocessing, microfluidic devices, implantable devices, and many morematerials that may have features of micro or nanometer dimensions. Forsemiconductor substrates, the substrate may be or include silicon,germanium, gallium, carbon, arsenic, selenium, tellurium, or materialsor combinations of elements from Groups 13, 14, or 15 of the periodictable. For other devices, plastics, polymers, ceramics, and other metaland non-metal structures may form the substrates or substrate features.Exemplary features may include patterns including steps, vias, trenches,channels, or other designs that may be characterized by aspect ratios ofgreater than or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or higher inembodiments. Features may include trenches having any of the aspectratios discussed or a range of aspect ratios composed of or includingany of the values or intervening values listed above. Trenches may alsobe characterized by a gap between trenches that may be less than orabout 100 nm, 80 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 1 nm, or less. The features may also be definedby a wall, pillar, or pillar-like structure which may be characterizedby a height of less than or about 10 micrometers, as well as by alength, width, or diameter of any of the sizes noted above. Spacingbetween pillar or other vertical structures may also be similar to thesizes noted above.

Exemplary drying agents may be polar or non-polar, and may includeseveral different chemical formulas. The drying agents may includefluids that are miscible with water, or produce at least partialsolutions with water. Drying agents according to the present technologymay include carbon-containing compounds, halogen-containing compounds,or other natural or manufactured fluids that may be useful to theremoval of water from a substrate. Exemplary drying agents includealcohols, ketones, fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and other materialsmiscible with water. For example, drying agents may include one or morecompounds including acetone, isopropyl alcohol, perfluorohexane, andengineered fluids including Novec™ 7100 and Novec™ 7000, produced by the3M Company of Maplewood, Minn. Drying agents which are immiscible withwater may be preceded by a rinse agent or a series of rinse agents inorder to remove water, and at the end of the series, leave a surfacecoated in a material which is miscible with the drying agent, which maybe used to remove the final rinse agent. This may be performed whenwater is the initial rinse agent and a water immiscible fluid such asNovec™ 7100 is to be used as the drying agent. The drying agents may becharacterized by a surface tension at about 21° C. of less than or about75 mN/m, less than or about 70 mN/m, less than or about 65 mN/m, lessthan or about 60 mN/m, less than or about 55 mN/m, less than or about 50mN/m, less than or about 45 mN/m, less than or about 40 mN/m, less thanor about 35 mN/m, less than or about 30 mN/m, less than or about 25mN/m, less than or about 20 mN/m, less than or about 15 mN/m, less thanor about 10 mN/m, less than or about 5 mN/m, less than or about 1 mN/m,between about 1 mN/m and about 30 mN/m, between about 10 mN/m and about25 mN/m, or any other value or internal range included within theselisted ranges. For example, isopropyl alcohol may be utilized as thedrying agent and may be characterized by a surface tension at about 21°C. of about 23 mN/m.

In one example drying process encompassed by the present technology,water was removed from a substrate using isopropyl alcohol. Thesubstrate had a plurality of trenches etched within its surface thatwere characterized by a 26 nm gap between vertical structures, and anaspect ratio of about 21. The isopropyl alcohol drying agent was appliedto the substrate to remove residual water. Sufficient isopropyl alcoholwas applied to wet the substrate and trenches. The isopropyl alcohol wasapplied to a level above the height of the trenches, and a continuouslayer of isopropyl alcohol developed above a height of the trenches andremained along an upper surface of the substrate. The substrate wasplaced in a chamber that was sealed.

The chamber was heated to develop a vapor-liquid equilibrium of theisopropyl alcohol within the chamber. It was noted that liquid isopropylalcohol remained within the chamber and along the substrate surfaces.Heat was continued to be applied to the chamber to raise the temperatureabove approximately 100° C., which provided a corresponding chamberpressure of roughly 30 psi. The calculated surface tension of isopropylalcohol at those conditions was approximately 13 mN/m. The chamber wasvented evaporating the drying agent, and the dry substrate was imaged.No deformation or pattern collapse occurred, and the process resultswere repeatable.

The surface tension of the isopropyl alcohol at venting conditions wasdetermined to be in a similar range as the engineered fluid Novec™ 7100,which has a surface tension at 25° C. and atmospheric pressure ofapproximately 13.6 mN/m. Because surface tension was determined toexhibit effects on the substrate features in various experiments, anexample process was performed with Novec™ 7100. In the process, asubstrate having similar characteristics as the one discussed above inthe example relating to isopropyl alcohol was used. After a water rinse,followed by an isopropyl alcohol rinse, Novec™ 7100 was applied in asimilar fashion as the isopropyl alcohol of the previous example. Thedevice was allowed to dry at 25° C. The substrate was imaged, andfeature deformation and pattern collapse had occurred.

Without being bound to any particular theory, a discussion of possiblemechanisms may aid in understanding of the results of the twoexperiments. As previously noted, surface tension of rinsing agents anddrying agents apply forces on features. The materials from which thefeatures are formed has a natural resistance to stress, although thisresistance is relatively low. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, thechart shows different fluid surface tension properties with respect to adeflection from vertical of a feature according to embodiments of thepresent technology. Line 305 shows the restoring force of a siliconfeature that may comprise a line defining a sidewall of a trench. Thefeature may be similar to the example structures having trenches ofroughly 26 nm gap width and aspect ratios of about 21. The skilledartisan will readily understand that different feature sizes aresimilarly encompassed by the present technology, and that higher aspectratios, and thinner features may be capable of withstanding even loweropposing forces. The other lines illustrate the force applied by surfacetension of individual fluids on features with which they are contacted.For example, line 310 illustrates the surface tension force applied byisopropyl alcohol, line 315 illustrates the surface tension forceapplied by Novec™ 7100, line 320 illustrates the surface tension forceapplied by Novec™ 7000, and line 325 illustrates the surface tensionforce applied by perfluorohexane. Line 330 illustrates the surfacetension force applied by supercritical CO₂. Accordingly, mathematicalmodeling estimates that the exemplary features and structures would becapable of withstanding the force applied by surface tension of onlysupercritical CO₂, exhibiting a surface tension at 25° C. of less than 1mN/m. This result would further be supported by the results of theexample test performed utilizing Novec™ 7100 at 25° C. as describedabove.

As previously noted, temperature is inversely proportional to surfacetension, and thus raising the temperature of drying agents may reducethe surface tension. FIG. 4 shows a chart illustrating the effect oftemperature on surface tension of isopropyl alcohol according toembodiments of the present technology. Similar to FIG. 3, line 405illustrates the restoring force of a similar silicon feature asdescribed previously. The chart shows that as temperature increases, thesurface temperature and related force applied by the fluid reduces. Line410 illustrates the surface tension and exerted pressure of isopropylalcohol at 25° C., line 415 illustrates the surface tension and exertedpressure of isopropyl alcohol at 50° C., line 420 illustrates thesurface tension and exerted pressure of isopropyl alcohol at 75° C.,line 425 illustrates the surface tension and exerted pressure ofisopropyl alcohol at 100° C., line 430 illustrates the surface tensionand exerted pressure of isopropyl alcohol at 125° C., line 435illustrates the surface tension and exerted pressure of isopropylalcohol at 150° C., line 440 illustrates the surface tension and exertedpressure of isopropyl alcohol at 200° C., line 445 illustrates thesurface tension and exerted pressure of isopropyl alcohol at 225° C.Accordingly, modeling would again suggest that the temperature ofisopropyl alcohol should be roughly 225° C. or more to reduce thesurface tension sufficiently to produce tension forces below therestoring forces of the feature to which it is contacted.

However, because acceptable results demonstrating no pattern collapsewith isopropyl alcohol were produced, additional mechanisms related tothe drying process may be involved. Put another way, surface tensioncharacteristics alone would limit the acceptable drying agents to thoseexhibiting forces below the restoring forces of the structure wettedwith the drying agent. Accordingly, as feature size reduces as devicesscale below 20 nm, the available drying agents that would not impartdeformation may be limited to supercritical fluid processes. Instead,the inventors have determined that by performing processes similar tothose discussed throughout this disclosure, many more fluids may be usedin drying operations without causing deformation or pattern collapse.

Pattern collapse may follow deformation depending on the exertedstresses on the walls of a trench. Deformation may not fully causepattern collapse, for example, and may result in wall or structuredeflection that does not result in adjacent structures contacting oneanother. Generally, pattern collapse may occur if the cohesive force,such as the surface tension induced forces, exceed the restoring force,such as the internal stresses of the material, or if the deflection isto an extent that adjacent structures contact. In some situations,adjacent structures may not fully collapse even while deformationoccurs. Instead, a wall or structure may reach an equilibrium deflectionwhere the cohesive forces and restoring forces are equal. Accordingly,in some embodiments a certain amount of deformation may occur during theprocesses, while pattern collapse may not occur. As the describedevaporation of the drying agent occurs, the cohesive forces enacted onthe structure may diminish, which may cause the deflection to diminishas well. Thus, deformation may occur in embodiments during the heatingprocess to an extent less than half the distance between two adjacentstructures, and may occur up to about 5 Å, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm,or greater but less than the full distance or half the distance betweentwo adjacent structures.

The way in which a drying agent is vaporized may impact whether featurecollapse occurs. Without binding the claims, a possible mechanismrelates to performing the drying process along the boiling point curveof the drying agent. As explained with reference to method 200, thechamber housing the substrate may be heated to create a vapor-liquidequilibrium of the drying agent within the chamber. Continuing to heatthe chamber may further lower the surface tension of the liquid fractionof the drying agent. As the temperature is increased within the chamber,the pressure similarly increases, and the vapor-liquid equilibrium ofthe drying agent is maintained along the boiling point curve for thedrying agent.

Because the drying agent is maintained at its boiling point, when thechamber is vented the reduction in pressure may cause an immediatevaporization of the drying agent. Although the vaporization will causethe temperature to begin to drop within the chamber, by continuing tovent the chamber, the drying agent may evaporate the entire liquidfraction as it follows the boiling point curve of the fluid back toatmospheric conditions. Because the pressure drop may be rapid as thechamber is exposed to atmospheric conditions, the drying agentvaporization may be uniform throughout the chamber, and within featuresof the substrate. Indeed, flash vaporization may occur throughout theliquid fraction depending on the extent to which the pressure isreduced.

Additionally, the rapid vaporization may additionally overcome themeniscus pressure effect explained above. Again, as the fluid leveldrops below the height of the trenches, a meniscus will typically formwithin each trench for the drying agent fluid being used. As themeniscus forms, the pressure drop across the meniscus increases due tothe Laplace and surface tension pressure effects explained above.However, when the drying agent is at saturation within the chamber atthe boiling point of the drying agent, this pressure drop caused by aforming meniscus may induce concomitant boiling at the same location.Accordingly, the boiling may counteract the pressure drop and preventthe formation of a meniscus as the fluid is removed from the chamber. Inthis way, the forces imparted on the substrate features may be reducedand may be maintained below the restoring force of the materialsdefining the features. Additionally, deviations in liquid level betweenadjacent features may not cause deformation or pattern collapse, as thepressure exerted from each side of the feature has been reduced.

Turning to FIG. 5 is shown a temperature-pressure chart illustrating thepressure differential across a meniscus for isopropyl alcohol and water,along with their saturation pressures. As illustrated, aside fromreducing surface tension of the drying agent, the ability to overcomethe meniscus forces utilizing the described processes may furtherexplain certain benefits of the present technology. The processesdescribed may allow the use of fluids with higher surface tensions asdrying agents, because the controlled vaporization of the fluids mayovercome the issues noted by the modeling of surface tension alone. Bypotentially counteracting the formation of a meniscus within thesubstrate features as the drying agent is removed, feature distortionfrom relatively higher surface tension fluids may be avoided. The forcesthat may be imparted by the vaporization of fluid at the formingmeniscus may off-set the surface tension of the bulk liquid acting todeform the feature inwardly towards the fluid. In this way, adistortion-free drying process may be performed despite that the dryingagent may be characterized by a surface tension conventionally expectedto cause feature distortion or pattern collapse. By performing theprocesses of the present technology, pattern deformation may be avoidedwith many fluids typically used in drying operations.

Additionally, and as further illustrated in FIG. 5, the effects ofpressure drop along the boiling point curve of a drying agent may beutilized in a similar fashion below atmospheric conditions. Method 200may be premised on a process of raising the temperature of a dryingagent above its boiling point within a pressure-sealed chamber, whichwill increase the chamber pressure. The pressure may then be reducedthrough venting, which will cause the vaporization of the fluid as theconditions return to atmospheric. Conversely, in a chamber containing asubstrate and a vapor-liquid saturated drying agent, the pressure may bereduced below atmospheric conditions along the same boiling point curveunder vacuum conditions to produce the same effects described above.

FIG. 6 shows a method 600 of drying a semiconductor substrate accordingto embodiments of the present technology. As illustrated, and describedpreviously, the substrate may define a number of features that have beenformed and cleaned. A cleaning or rinsing operation may have beenperformed prior to the method 600. At operation 610, a drying agent maybe applied to the substrate to remove any other fluids as discussedabove. Application of the drying agent may be similar to operation 210of method 200, and may include any of the materials discussed withrespect to that that process.

The drying agent may be applied within a chamber, or may be appliedprior to placing the substrate within a chamber. The chamber may besealed, and at optional operation 620, heat may be applied to thechamber to develop equilibrium between liquid and vapor phases of thedrying agent. The heating, amount of drying agent applied, and chambervolume may all be determined to maintain at least a portion of thedrying agent in liquid form. In embodiments, the heating may be minimaland performed only to form the vapor-liquid equilibrium. For example,the temperature may be raised to below or about 100° C., and may beraised to below or about 90° C., 80° C., 70° C., 60° C., 50° C., 45° C.,40° C., 35° C., 30° C., or 25° C. in embodiments. In some embodiments,heat may not be applied to the chamber as a vapor-liquid equilibrium maysuitably form at atmospheric conditions.

The chamber may be exposed to vacuum at operation 630, which mayevaporate and purge the drying agent from the chamber. Similarly to themethod 200, the reduction in pressure from the boiling point curve mayinduce vaporization including flash boiling of the liquid fraction ofthe drying agent. The vacuum may reduce the pressure within the chamberto an amount below atmospheric conditions including below or about 500Torr, below or about 400 Torr, below or about 300 Torr, below or about200 Torr, below or about 100 Torr, below or about 50 Torr, below orabout 10 Torr, below or about 1 Torr, or below or about 100 mTorr inembodiments. The vacuum may be applied over a period of time similar tothe times discussed above with regard to the venting operations ofmethod 200. The amount of vacuum may be based on the amount of fluid tobe removed and the temperature within the vessel, as the reduction inpressure will continue to cool the chamber temperature. Optionaloperations may be performed including purging the chamber as describedabove, or returning the chamber to atmospheric conditions via a ventingoperation, or by supplying a gas to the chamber. In other embodiments,the chamber may be actively heated following the processes as well tolimit additional moisture intrusion, or for subsequent processingoperations. The same processes counteracting the formation of a meniscusmay be employed, as the mechanisms by which the drying agent is removedare the same as with method 200, except that they are performed belowatmospheric conditions. An advantage of the vacuum evaporation of thedrying agent is that potentially volatile or flammable drying agents maybe employed without safety concerns associated with increasedtemperature and pressures.

The methods described above may also be performed to control or maintainsurface tension effects, including contact angle of the drying agent. Asdescribed previously, the surface tension forces on a particular featuremay be impacted by the contact angle of the drying agent in contact withthe substrate surface. Generally, an amount of fluid on a surface mayhave both an advancing and a receding contact angle, with the recedingcontact angle often being characterized by a lower angle. A lowercontact angle may apply a greater amount of tension on the surface withwhich it is in contact. These contact angles may be relativelyinsensitive to temperature in many conditions. However, as the contactangle of the fluid increases or is made to increase, the fluid may beginto de-wet from the surface of the substrate, which may assist inremoval.

Some of the operations previously described may quickly remove a dryingagent from a surface of a substrate. As feature size reduces, andmaterials become more delicate, a rapid boiling and removal of dryingagent may damage features from the energy exhibited in a flash removal.The flash boiling and removal may be a dynamic change, with the force ofthe evaporation potentially causing excessive pressures within orbetween the substrate features, which may cause deformation. Slowing theremoval may not be an adequate solution, because as a drying agent isgradually evaporated from a surface, residual material or constituentsof the drying agent may be left on the substrate or within features.These residues may impact device quality in later processing operations.However, if the contact angle of the drying agent is maintained above athreshold, the fluid may withdraw from the surface of the substrate aswell as from the defined features.

The contact angle may be increased during an evaporation or boiling ofthe drying agent. By producing process conditions that generate acontact angle above a threshold, a residue-free removal may be performedthat may also limit the stresses from flash boiling operations.Additionally, materials or components may be added to increase thecontact angle, such as by adding a surface modification agent to thedrying agent, which may add a phobic component to the drying chemistry,or may otherwise increase the contact angle of the fluid on thesubstrate. A contact angle that may be advantageous in the presenttechnology for removing a drying agent may be greater than or about 50°.The contact angle may also be greater than or about 55°, greater than orabout 60°, greater than or about 65°, greater than or about 70°, greaterthan or about 75°, greater than or about 80°, greater than or about 85°,greater than or about 90°, greater than or about 95°, greater than orabout 100°, greater than or about 105°, greater than or about 110°,greater than or about 115°, greater than or about 120°, greater than orabout 125°, greater than or about 130°, or higher in embodiments. Thecontact angle may also be maintained between about 70° and about 110°,and may be maintained between about 80° and about 100°. A contact anglethat exceeds about 90° may be indicative of a surface that has becomephobic to the drying agent or fluid, and may indicate a fluid that hasor has begun to de-wet from the surface on which it resides.

Contact angle may be modified by adjusting process conditions, such astemperature, as the contact angle may be indirectly correlated with thetemperature. As temperature is increased for a given drying agent, therate of evaporation may be affected, which may impact the contact angle.If the temperature and pressure within a system are maintained ormodulated to effect evaporation or boiling, the contact angle may bemaintained above a threshold that facilitates removal of a drying agentfrom a substrate. Accordingly, the methods discussed above may beutilized to perform drying processes that may protect delicate features.By heating a sealed chamber to a temperature that also raises thechamber pressure to a first pressure and effectuates a vapor-liquidequilibrium, and then reducing the pressure to a second pressure lowerthan the first pressure, the depressurizing operation may begin to ormay substantially de-wet the drying agent from the substrate. The dryingagent may in part begin to be maintained on a vapor barrier formedduring boiling, which may allow the drying agent to substantially oressentially float above the substrate surface. Once the surface isde-wetted, additional removal operations may be performed to furtherremoval. Some operations may include further evaporation operations aspreviously discussed, as well as mechanical operations includingadjusting an angle of tilt on a substrate, moving the substrate, orcontacting the liquid with a second material that may transfer thedrying agent from the substrate to the second material.

When the system temperature has been increased, the contact angle maybecome a function of the chamber pressure at that temperature, as thepressure may modulate the rate of evaporation under the methodspreviously discussed. As the rate of evaporation may be increased, ahigher contact angle may be achieved. FIG. 7 shows a chart illustratinghow a sustained contact angle may allow the drying operations to beperformed at lower temperatures. The figure illustrates the surfacetension forces of an isopropyl alcohol drying agent with a contact angleof about 90° at different temperatures. The figure also illustrates therestoring force of features on a silicon-based substrate. Asillustrated, the present technology may allow the drying operationsdiscussed previously to be performed at chamber temperatures of around50° C. or higher. With a contact angle at about 90°, the drying agentmay be substantially de-wetted from the surface of the substrate atlower temperatures. The pressure may be adjusted to achieve an amount ofboiling to maintain the contact angle at lower temperatures, which mayallow fluid removal from the substrate. This may allow delicate featuresto be de-wetted of the drying agent with forces that may be sufficientlylow to have little to no impact on the features, which may allow filmdeformation or collapse to be prevented.

When boiling occurs and pressure is reduced from a first pressure atwhich the substrate has been heated to a second pressure to develop acontact angle above about 70°, an amount of cooling may occur. Dependingon the amount of drying agent, the surface area from which the dryingagent is being removed, and the amount of pressure drop, the cooling atthe surface of the substrate may be 20° C. or more, and may be greaterthan or about 30° C., greater than or about 40° C., greater than orabout 50° C., greater than or about 60° C., or more. The amount ofcooling that occurs, or the final surface temperature, may impact thesurface tension of the fluid being removed in that surface tension mayincrease as temperature decreases. At sufficiently low temperatures, thesurface tension may be raised enough to be higher than the restoringforce of the substrate feature material, which may then cause patterndeformation, collapse, or residue formation on drying. Accordingly,although the contact angle and surface tension may be controlled to atemperature of about 50° C., the operations of the present technologymay be performed at a temperature above about 50° C. This may ensure asufficient amount of heat available during the depressurization for thedrying agent to fully de-wet from the surface of the substrate.Alternatively, the pressure within the chamber may be further reduced,such as below about atmospheric pressure, to provide an increased windowduring the depressurization operations that allows a low enough surfacetension to reduce the drying agent liquid attraction to the underlyingsubstrate. Any of these process may provide greater control over theevaporation rate of the drying agent, which may reduce the forcesenacted on the substrate features during the drying agent removal.

The processes being performed in these ways allow a de-wetting andremoval of drying agent in a less dynamic fashion than a heatingoperation and subsequent atmospheric vent. By controlling the rate ofevaporation, and maintaining a high contact angle, low surface tensiondrying agent state, a residue-free removal of drying agent may beperformed. The process may be performed by raising the temperaturewithin a process chamber above about 50° C., and then reducing thepressure within the chamber to cause evaporation of the drying agent ina way that raises the contact angle, and lowers the surface tension,below thresholds that may de-wet and remove the liquid from thesubstrate. By de-wetting the surface during removal, delicate structuralfeatures may be protected, and also contaminants and residues may not beformed during the evaporation.

The described technology uses drying operations based on the pressureinduced evaporation of drying agents at vapor-liquid equilibrium.Unexpectedly, and advantageously, these processes allow the use ofdrying agents that have been conventionally and experimentally modeledto cause pattern collapse at many conditions based on their inherentsurface tension. The described processes may provide additional avenuesfor drying operations and materials that may be utilized as dryingagents as feature sizes reduce with future device scaling.

In the preceding description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousdetails have been set forth in order to provide an understanding ofvarious embodiments of the present technology. It will be apparent toone skilled in the art, however, that certain embodiments may bepracticed without some of these details, or with additional details.

Having disclosed several embodiments, it will be recognized by those ofskill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions,and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of theembodiments. Additionally, a number of well-known processes and elementshave not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thepresent technology. Accordingly, the above description should not betaken as limiting the scope of the technology.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the smallest fraction of the unit of the lowerlimit, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upperand lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Anynarrower range between any stated values or unstated intervening valuesin a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range is encompassed. The upper and lower limits of those smallerranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and eachrange where either, neither, or both limits are included in the smallerranges is also encompassed within the technology, subject to anyspecifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated rangeincludes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both ofthose included limits are also included. Where multiple values areprovided in a list, any range encompassing or based on any of thosevalues is similarly specifically disclosed.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”,and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a material” includes aplurality of such materials, and reference to “the agent” includesreference to one or more agents and equivalents thereof known to thoseskilled in the art, and so forth.

Also, the words “comprise(s)”, “comprising”, “contain(s)”, “containing”,“include(s)”, and “including”, when used in this specification and inthe following claims, are intended to specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, components, or operations, but they do not precludethe presence or addition of one or more other features, integers,components, operations, acts, or groups.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of drying a semiconductor substrate, themethod comprising: applying a drying agent to a semiconductor substrate,wherein the drying agent wets the semiconductor substrate; heating achamber housing the semiconductor substrate to a temperature above anatmospheric pressure boiling point of the drying agent untilvapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent is reached within thechamber; reducing the pressure within the chamber to control the rateevaporation of the drying agent to maintain a contact angle of greaterthan or about 50°; and venting the chamber, wherein the ventingvaporizes the drying agent liquid phase from the semiconductorsubstrate.
 2. The method of drying a semiconductor substrate of claim 1,further comprising: pressure-sealing the semiconductor substrate withinthe chamber; heating the chamber housing the semiconductor substrate,the heating causing vapor and liquid phases of the drying agent to reachequilibrium of vapor partial pressure and liquid saturation pressure;and continuing to heat the chamber housing the semiconductor substrateto a temperature of at least about 100° C.
 3. The method of drying asemiconductor substrate of claim 1, wherein the drying agent is misciblewith water.
 4. The method of drying a semiconductor substrate of claim3, wherein the drying agent comprises isopropyl alcohol.
 5. The methodof drying a semiconductor substrate of claim 1, wherein thesemiconductor substrate comprises patterned features having an aspectratio greater than 5, and wherein the drying agent wets the patternedfeatures completely.
 6. The method of drying a semiconductor substrateof claim 1, wherein applying the drying agent fully displaces water fromthe semiconductor substrate.
 7. The method of drying a semiconductorsubstrate of claim 6, wherein applying the drying agent comprises one ormore operations fully displacing any fluid except for the drying agentfrom the semiconductor substrate.
 8. The method of drying asemiconductor substrate of claim 1, wherein the heating is performed by:hermetically closing the chamber with the semiconductor substrateincluding the applied drying agent housed within the chamber; heatingthe chamber causing equilibrium to be reached between the drying agentliquid and vapor phases; and heating the chamber to the temperatureabove the atmospheric pressure boiling point of the drying agent.
 9. Themethod of drying a semiconductor substrate of claim 1, furthercomprising purging the chamber with an inert precursor subsequent theventing.
 10. A method of drying a semiconductor substrate, the methodcomprising: applying a drying agent to the semiconductor substrate,wherein the drying agent wets the semiconductor substrate; heating achamber in which the semiconductor substrate is housed to cause anequilibrium to be reached between liquid and vapor phases of the dryingagent, wherein the heating maintains at least a portion of the dryingagent in a liquid form having a contact angle of greater than or about50°; and exposing the chamber to vacuum conditions, wherein the vacuumconditions evaporate and purge the drying agent from the chamber. 11.The method of drying a semiconductor substrate of claim 10, whereinheating the chamber is performed to a temperature below about 150° C.12. The method of drying a semiconductor substrate of claim 10, furthercomprising: subsequent exposing the chamber to vacuum, venting thechamber to atmospheric conditions.
 13. The method of drying asemiconductor substrate of claim 12, further comprising purging thechamber with air or an inert gas.
 14. The method of drying asemiconductor substrate of claim 10, wherein the drying agent comprisesisopropyl alcohol or acetone.
 15. The method of drying a semiconductorsubstrate of claim 10, wherein exposing the chamber to vacuum conditionscomprises reducing the pressure within the chamber from atmosphericconditions to a pressure of less than about 100 Torr.
 16. The method ofdrying a semiconductor substrate of claim 15, wherein reducing thepressure within the chamber occurs in a time period of less than about 5minutes.
 17. A method of drying a substrate, the method comprising:applying a drying agent to the substrate, wherein the drying agent wetsthe substrate; hermetically sealing a chamber housing the substrate;forming a vapor-liquid equilibrium of the drying agent within thechamber; increasing the temperature within the chamber to reduce thedrying agent surface tension for a liquid fraction of the drying agentbelow a predetermined threshold and achieving a new vapor-liquidequilibrium; and depressurizing the chamber, wherein the depressurizingsubstantially removes liquid drying agent from the substrate.
 18. Themethod of drying a substrate of claim 17, wherein the predeterminedthreshold comprises a drying agent surface tension of about 20 mN/m. 19.The method of drying a substrate of claim 17, wherein the substratecomprises a plurality of patterned features characterized by an aspectratio greater than 5, and wherein applying the drying agent comprisescoating the substrate with the drying agent above a height of thepatterned features.
 20. The method of drying a substrate of claim 17,wherein the drying agent is characterized by a surface tension of lessthan about 25 mN/m at about 21° C.